Teratozoospermia means most sperm have abnormal shape, reducing their ability to penetrate and fertilise an egg.
Sperm morphology refers to the size and shape of sperm. According to WHO 2021 criteria, normal morphology requires at least 4% of sperm to have a normal oval head, midpiece, and tail. Teratozoospermia — abnormal morphology below this threshold — impairs a sperm's ability to penetrate the egg's outer layer. ICSI bypasses this limitation by directly injecting a selected single sperm into the egg.
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